iosr-JCE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: Digital watermarking is a promising technology to embed information as unperceivable signals in digital contents. A copyright protection method for digital image with convolutional coding is proposed in this paper. In this method, the watermark logo is coded with convolutional encoder and fused with noise bits to improve the robustness to malicious attacks including JPEG, noise and geometric attacks such as, cropping and rotation. During extraction, the watermark bits are decoded by Viterbi algotithm decoder, and the extraction procedure needs neither the original image nor the watermark logo. Simulation results show that the proposed method based on the convolutional coding can effectively resist the common malicious attacks, the embedding and extraction performances are quite improve compared to the method based on the direct coding.

Keywords: Digital Watermarking, Spread Spectrum, Convolutional Coding,

1 Wei-Hung Lin a et al, "Image copyright protection with forward error correction", Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal. Vol. 36 Issue 9, November, 2009.

2 Ganic, E., & Eskicioglu, A. M. (2004). "Robust DWT-SVD domain image watermarking: Embedding data in all frequencies". In Proceedings of the international multimedia conference multimedia and security, Magdeburg (pp. 166–174).
3 Chris Shoemaker "Hidden Bits: A Survey of Techniques for Digital atermarking". Available: http://www.vu.union.edu/~shoemakc/, June 2011.

4 Langelaar, G. C., Setyawa, I., and Lagendijk, R. L. "Watermarking digital image and video data: A state-of-the-art overview". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.17, pp 20-46. September 2000.

5 Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T. (1997). "Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6,1673–1687.
6 Matthew C. Valenti, "Channel coding for IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX," roceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009, Dresden, Germany, 14-18 June 2009.
7 http://www.iterativesolutions.com/, 0ctober 2011. 8 Luis Pérez-Freire and Fernando Pérez-González Spread, "Spread spectrum watermarking security". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 4(1):2-24, March 2009.

9 F. Cayre, C. Fontaine, and T. Furon, "Watermarking security: theory and practice," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no.

10, October 2005. 10 Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, "Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking", 2000, ARTECH HOUSE, INC.

Abstract: The IEEE 802.16e standard (i.e., mobile WiMAX) has been proposed to provide the connectivity in wireless networksfor mobile users (including users at a vehicular speed). It is shownin our analysis that the probability of a successful handoverdecreases significantly when the user moves at a higher speed. In this paper we have compared three techniques Forward Error Correction (FEC) with retransmission to offer extra protection for handover signaling messages to enhance the probability of a successful handover, especially at a higher velocity, without using a save point between source and destination and using a save point between the source and destination. Comparison between their line graphs is also given in this paper.

[1] IEEE 802.16 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan Area networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems," IEEE Std. 802.16-2004, May 2005.

[2] IEEE 802.16 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan Area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 2," IEEE Std. 802.16e-2005, Feburary 2006.

[3] G. P. Pollini, "Trends in handover design," Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 34, pp. 82-90, 1996.

[4] M. G. Williams, "Directions in media independent handover," IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol. E88-A, pp. 1772-1776, July 1, 2005.

[5] D. J. Wright, "Maintaining QoS during handover among multiple wireless access technologies," in Proceedings of Intl. Management of Mobile Business, 2007, pp. 10-10.

[6] R. Hsieh, Z. G. Zhou, and A. Seneviratne, "S-MIP: a seamless handoff architecture for mobile IP," in Proceedings of INFOCOM , 2003, pp. 1774-1784.

[7] L. Doo Hwan, K. Kyamakya, and J. P. Umondi, "Fast handover algorithm for IEEE 802.16e broadband wireless access system," in Proceeding of International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2006. [

8] S. Minsik, K. Hwasung, and L. Sangho, "A fast handover mechanism for IPv6 based WiBro system," in Proceedings of ICACT,2006.

[9] Zhiwei Yan, Lei Huang,, C.-C. Jay Kuo, "Seamless High-Velocity Handover Support in Mobile WiMAX Networks", Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.

Abstract: Wikis are web-based software platforms that allow users to collaboratively create and edit web page content, through a Web browser. The ease-of-use and open philosophy of wikis have made them a simple and quick method for collaborative knowledge management. As wikis mostly contain natural language, the integration of wiki systems with automated Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques can be considered to support users in information analysis and content development. The presence of the Dravidian language, Malayalam, is comparatively low in popular wikis like Wikipedia. As a solution to this problem, this paper considers the idea of integration of a Hybrid Machine Translator service, a combination of Statistical Machine Translator (SMT) and Translation Memory(TM), with wiki system for automated content generation in Malayalam. A system architecture providing this integration is presented. The whole process is supposed to speed up the content creation in wikis and bridging the language barrier which restricts knowledge dissemination in the web.

Keywords - Content creation, Hybrid Machine Translation, Natural Language Processing, Statistical Machine Translation, Translation Memory, Wiki

1] Unnikrishnan P, Antony P J and Dr. Soman K P, A Novel Approach for English to South Dravidian Language Statistical Machine
Translation System, International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2010.
Books:
[2] Jurafsky, Martin , Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics,
and speech recognition. (Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA 2000).
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[3] Sebastian Schaffert, Ikewiki: A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge management, Proc. of WETICE, IEEE Computer
Society, 2006.
[4] R. Witte and T. Gitzinger, Connecting wikis and natural language processing systems, Proc. of the Intl. Symposium on Wikis,
2007.
[5] J. Hoart, T. Zesch, and I. Gurevych, An architecture to support intelligent user interfaces for wikis by means of natural language
processing, Proc. of the International Symposium on Wikis, ACM, 2009.
[6] D. Bar, N. Erbs, T. Zesch, and I. Gurevych, Wikulu: An extensible architecture for integrating natural language processing
techniques with wikis, in Proc. of the ACLHLT System Demonstrations, ACL, 2011.