IOSR-JAP   Volume-5 ~ Issue-5 ~ January 2014

Abstract: Most weather stations at farms, schools and other research institutes in the developing world do not have radiation sensors and this is usually attributed to high costs of these sensors. Net radiation as one component of radiation is important in crop farming as it influences germination, different growth stages, water demand, size and quality of yield among other things. This article seeks to demonstrate how a series of mathematical equations with temperature as a key physical quantity can be used to estimate net radiation using the basic minimum of resources affordable against readings from a standard net radiometer. To achieve this, daily data of maximum and minimum temperatures for 20 days was used from an automated weather station at Great Zimbabwe University in Zimbabwe. A standard CNR 1 net radiometer was installed at the station to give direct net radiation readings for comparison with the computed readings. A correlation between the calculated net radiation and the measured one gave 90.8% correspondents. Diurnal net radiation was following the maximum temperature trends. The average cost of a net radiometer sensor was US$ 3.700 which can be too high for an ordinary farmer or other small research institutes.
Key words: net radiation, developing, cost, crop, temperature, Zimbabwe.

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Abstract: Calabar has been experiencing yearly severe flooding and landslides within and around the metropolis with substantial costs, in terms of loss of lives and destruction of properties. This paper is focus on the empirical study of seasonal rainfall effect in Calabar, Nigeria. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with randomly selected Landlords . A total of thirteen thousand (13,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to some Landlords in twenty six (26) streets of the study Area from January 2012 to October 2013. Twelve thousand four hundred and eigty two (12,482) valid questionnaire were received back. Twelve thousand (12,000) of the inhabitant Landlords reported that, they were not affected negatively. Table 2 shows the total number of buildings that were negatively affected due to flooding in the Area. While rainfall data from 1993– 2012 were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Station(NIMET), Calabar. A simple descriptive analysis was used. The results shows that, rainfall is one of the Climatic factor that can indicate Climate change and has created ecological destabilization and altered the pattern of the vegetation belt especially in the flood prone areas highlighted, which includes Atimbo, Edim otop, Ekpo Abasi, Ndidem Usang Iso, Goldie , Target, Ebito, Big Qua, Edibe Edibe, Atamunu, Akim Road, Otop Abasi and Ikot Eyo by Paliamentary Road (Calabar). The rainfall pattern has also enhanced wind erosion/desertification, soil erosion and coastal flooding in Calabar. With these impacts, the paper therefore recommends some adaptive and mitigation measures that could help to revert the current situation, otherwise properties and lives will continue to be lost.
Keywords: rainfall pattern, climate change, flooding, vegetation belts, erosion, shift and land slides

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Abstract: A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.

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