IOSR-JAP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4 ~ Sep–Oct 2013

Abstract: The effect of ammonia concentration on electrical properties, optical properties and structural properties of chemical bath deposited (CBD) Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films has been revealed. The films were prepared by using cadmium acetate as cadmium ion (Cd2+) source, thiourea as sulphur ion (S2-) source and ammonia as the complexing agent. Ammonia concentration was changed from 0.1 M – 3.0 M. Ammonia concentration at 2.0 M uniform, dense and continuously coated films were obtained. Not only typical cadmium-pure but also unusual sulphur deficiency phenomena were observed for CBD CdS thin films. In the present investigation, the carrier concentration varied form 1.831X106cm-3 to 1.026X106cm-3 when ammonia concentration is changed from 0.5M to 2.5 M. The direct band gap energy at 0.5M is 1.92eV while at 2.5M is 2.65eV. The surface morphology of as deposited thin films is almost smooth and no grains were observed clearly at low molar concentration and predominant grains at the concentration of ammonia is 2.0M. By estimated Cd:S ratio value is found to be 1.04 by using EDAX. The thin film deposited at 2.0M concentration shows the highest degree crystallinity. The formation mechanism of the films with various ammonia concentrations is discussed.

Keywords: Ammonia effect, CBD-CdS thin films, Optical studies, SEM, XRD

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Abstract: The current paper reports discovery of superluminal velocities of X-rays, and Bharat Radiation in 12.87 to 31 nm range from solar spectra. The discovery challenges the 100 year old Albert Einstein's assertion that nothing can go faster than velocity of light c in vacuum while formulating E = mc2 in his special theory of relativity reported in 1905 [1]. Several solar spectra recorded at various wavelengths by Woods et al in 2011 demonstrated GOES X-rays arriving earlier than 13.5 nm emission, which in turn arriving earlier than 33.5 nm emission [2]. Finally, the investigators faced difficulty in concluding that short wavelengths traveled fast because of lack of information whether all the three emissions originated from the same source and at the same time. Very recently the author has reported GOES X-rays (7.0 nm) cause 13.5 nm (Bharat Radiation), which in turn causes 33.5 nm Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from same excited atoms present in solar flare by Padmanabha Rao Effect [3, 4]. Based on these findings, the author succeeded in explaining how the solar spectral findings provide direct evidences on superluminal velocities of GOES X-ray and 13.5 nm Bharat Radiation emissions, when 33.5 nm EUV emission is considered travelling at velocity of light c. Among X-ray wavelengths, the short wavelength 7.0 nm X-rays traveled faster than 9.4 nm X-rays, while X-rays go at superluminal velocities. Among Bharat radiation wavelengths, short wavelengths showed fast travel, while Bharat Radiation goes at superluminal velocities as compared to 33.5 EUV emission.

Keywords: Albert Einstein, special theory of relativity, energy-mass equivalence, E=mc^2, velocity of light c, superluminal velocities, solar spectra, GOES X-rays, 13.3 nm, 33.5 nm, EUV, Bharat Radiation, relativistic mass, Cherenkov radiation, Solar flare.

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[2] Thomas N. Woods, Rachel Hock, Frank Eparvier, Andrew R. Jones, Phillip C. Chamberlin, James A. Klimchuk, Leonid Didkovsky, Darrell Judge, John Mariska, Harry Warren, Carolus J. Schrijver, David F. Webb, Scott Bailey, and W. Kent Tobiska, New solar extreme-ultraviolet irradiance observations during flares, The Astrophysical Journal, 739: 59, 2011, 1-13. http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/739/2/59/pdf/0004-637X_739_2_59.pdf

[3] M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun"s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, IOSR-JAP, e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), p 56-60. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf

[4] M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 4, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 06-24,
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue2/B0420624.pdf

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Abstract: The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.

Keywords: Ising Model, Phase transition, Metropolis algorithm, Quantum Monte Carlo, Observables, Non-Boltzmann Sampling.

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