IOSR-JAP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-2 ~ July–August 2013

Abstract: Aims: To assess the awareness of Orthodontic treatment among school children in Karnataka. Settings and Design: School settings and Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in all the 30 districts of Karnataka. School children in the age group of 10-16 years were the target population. Population proportionate technique was employed for the sample size estimation. A total sample of 9505 was randomly selected from 102 schools all over Karnataka. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to record the awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis used: One way Anova, Scheffe's post hoc-test. Results: Our study showed an average awareness of orthodontic treatment in Karnataka school children. Conclusions: The awareness was influenced by the literacy rate as districts with higher literacy showed higher awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment and districts with lower literacy rate showed lesser awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment.

Keywords - Awareness , Karnataka, Literacy, Orthodontic treatment , School children.

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Abstract: For the first time in solar physics, this paper reports a comprehensive study how 235Uranium fission causes Sunlight by the atomic phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao Effect against the theory of fusion. The first major breakthrough lies in identifying as many as 153 solar lines in the Bharat Radiation range from 12.87 to 31 nm reported by various researchers since 1960s. The Sunlight phenomenon is explained as follows. For example, the energy equivalence 72.48 eV of the most intense 17.107 nm emission in the middle of solar spectrum is the energy lost by β, γ, or X-ray energy of a fission product while passing through core-Coulomb space. This energy loss is the Bharat Radiation energy that cause EUV, UV, visible, and near infrared emissions on valence excitation. From vast data of emissions and energies of various fission products, 606.31 keV β (Eβmax) energy of 131I was chosen as the source of 17.107 nm emission. For the first time a typical Bharat Radiation spectrum was observed when plotted energy loss against β, γ, or X-ray energies of fission products supposedly present in solar flare and atmosphere : 113Xe, 131I, 137Cs, 95Zr, 144Cs, 134I, 140Ba, 133I, 140La, 133In etc that caused solar lines. Consistent presence of a sharp line for four months in AIA spectral EUV band at 335A exemplifies self-sustained uranium fission from a small site appeared in SDO/AIA image at 304A. Sun's dark spot is explained as a large crater formed on Sun's core surface as a result of fission reaction that does not show any emission since fission products would be thrown away from the site during fission. Purely the same Sun's core material left over at the site after fission reaction devoid of fission products and any emission seems to be the familiar dark Matter. This could be the first report on the existence of Sun's Dark Matter. Keywords: X-ray, β, γ, Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, visible light, near infrared, solar flare, Sunlight phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao effect, 235U fission, SDO/AIA image of Sun, AIA spectral band, Dark Sun spots, Dark Matter, fission products, 131I, 137Cs, 133Xe, 90Sr, 90Y, core-Coulomb space, valence excitation, 94A, 131A 171A,193A, 211A, 304A, 335A.

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Abstract: Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.

Keywords - Slow evaporation solution growth, UV-vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR, and SHG studies.

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