IOSR-JAP   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2022

ABSTRACT: Studies have proved that old X-ray machine has a tendency of failed kVp above acceptable limit of 5% , but for > 10 years old machines have a tendency to failed for up to 20%. In this reaserch an old X-ray machine is used and a Caldose_X 5.0 software has been used to estimate the entrance skin doses (ESD), and the ESD with Weighing factor (WT) to determined the Effective doses (ED) of Adult Patient Undergoing X-ray examinations in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital(Public) at X-ray emission angle of 170 and X-ray tube filtration of 2.5mm Al. A total of 240 patients were surveyed, the imaging parameters and patient data used in the software include tube voltage(kVp), current-time per second(mAs), age, sex, type of projection, examination and focus to film distance (FFD).........

Keywords: Dose, Entrance Surface Dose (ESD), Effective Dose (ED), Patient, Anterior to Posterior (AP), X-ray.

[1]. Akhdar, H. (2007). Assessment of entrance skin dose and effective dose of some routine X-ray examinations using calculation techniques. KSU (M.Sc thesis).
[2]. American Association of Physicist in Medicine. (1990). Standardized methods for measuring diagnostic x-ray exposures. AAPM.
[3]. Bushong, S. C. (2001). Radiologic science for technologists. St. Louis: Mosby, ISBN 0-323-01337-6.
[4]. Cameron, J. R., & Skofronick, J. G. (1978). Medical physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
[5]. Ciraj, O., Markovi_c, S., & Ko_suti_c, D. (2005). First results on patient dose measurements from conventional diagnostic radiology procedures in Serbia and Montenegro. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 113(3), 330 - 335.

ABSTRACT: The study was intended to identify an aquifer zones with a view to attending to the challenges of fresh water scarcity around the study area. Twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) field data using Schlumberger array were obtained with maximum current electrode spread of 150m using ABEM Terameter SAS 1000 in order to evaluate the groundwater potential of Wudil General Hospital. The Data acquired were analyzed using IPI2win Computer Software. Several geo-electric curve types were identified with HK curve type being the most dominant, accounting for 65% of the total curve types of the study area. Four geo-electric layers were identified. The results of the interpretation has grouped the Aquifers of the study area.......

Keywords: Vertical Electrical Sounding, Aquifer, weathered, Fracture Schlumberger Array.

[1]. Abubakar Y. Ismail, A and Lawal Y. (2012). Geoelectrical Investigation of Groundwater Potential of Dawakin Tofa Local Government Area of Kano State Nigeria; American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 2 No.9; September 2012, pp 1-10
[2]. Abdulazeez Issah (2017). Geoelectrical Investigation using Vertical Electrical Sounding at Male Student's Hostel Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma, Katsina State; Undergraduate Student Project Department of Physics Federal University Dutsinma.
[3]. Anudu, G.K., Onuba, L.N. and Ufondu, L. S. (2011). Geoelectric Soundings for Groundwater Exploration in the Crystalline Basement Terrain Around Onipe and Adjoining Areas, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmrental Sanitation, 1 (4), 343-354.
[4]. Hotoro M. Abubakar, (2016). Integrated Remote Sensing and Geophysical Technique in the Assessment of Groundwater Potentials of Northeastern part of Kano State, Northern Nigeria; unpublished PhD Thesis, Department Physics Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
[5]. Hazell J.R.T, Cratchley C.R, Preston A.M (1988). The Location of Aquifers in Crystalline Rocks and Alluvium in Northern Nigeria using Combined Electromagnetic And Resistivity Techniques. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 21:159 175.

ABSTRACT: The light is one of the most investigated phenomena. According to mainstream Physics, the light source emits a light quantum, then it does not care, what happens to the light later (let us call it photon or wave). In other words, the light source does not need a detector to emit the light. The problem with this approach is, that the light cannot be detected "on the fly". If we observe a light quantum, we annihilate it at the same time. This fact encouraged some physicists to develop an alternate view: the light source and the (necessary) detector are in entanglement during the light emission-detection process. That is, light emission cannot occur without an available detector........

[1]. Okun. L.B.: Photon: history, mass, charge. International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon "Photon 2005: its first hundred years and the future", Warsaw University, 31.08.–04.09.2005
[2]. Walker, Jim: http://web.archive.org/web/20190718131722/http://nobeliefs.com/light.htm
[3]. Pope, Viv.: 'The Dogma of the Photon', in 'Philosophies', the Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Meeting of the Alternative Natural Philosophy Association, 175-188.
[4]. Ojima, I.: Who has seen a free photon? iv:1101.5782v1 [physics.gen-ph] 30 Jan 2011
[5]. Blazsó, T.: Doppler Effect without Light Waves IOSR_JAP Vol 13 Ser II 2021

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of materials behaviour placed in an electromagnetic field was found to be of immense significance in military hardware, electronics, communication and industrial applications. An overlay microstrip antenna was employed in this study to determine scattering parameters of an overlay microstrip antenna using finite element method (FEM). The substrate thickness used on the microstrip was 10 mm thick and 8 x 12 cm (width and length). All simulation were carried out at X band frequency range (8-12 GHz) using FEM. The result amongst others showed that the transmission coefficient depends on the permittivity of the sample. It also showed that lowest permittivity of material produced the greatest transmission coefficient. It is then concluded that the results obtained for the transmission and reflection coefficients can be used for the prediction of complex permittivity of materials used as overlay on a microstrip antenna.

Keywords: Microstrip Antenna, Duroid, FEM, Transmission and Reflection coefficients

[1]. Balanis, C. A. (2005). Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Publication.
[2]. Kingsley, S., Velan, S., Kanagasabai, M., Subbaraj, S., Panneer Selvam, Y. and Balasubramaniyan, B. (2019). Signal integrity analysis on a microstrip ultra-wideband coupled-line coupler. International Journal of Electronics. Vol. 106 (4), Pp. 620-633.
[3]. Křivánek, I. (2008). Dielectric properties of materials at microwave frequencies. Acta univ. agric. Et silvic. Mendel. Brun., LVI, No. 5, Pp. 125–132
[4]. Pozar, D. M. (2009). Microwave Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition
[5]. Rogers, C. (2010). Dielectric properties of high frequency materials. Retrieved from http://www.rogerscorp.com