IOSR-JAP   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2018

ABSTRACT:The possibility has been shown to obtain the key results of quantum mechanics with no resort to specific postulates based on the thermodynamics of stationary processes. A derivation of the Planck radiation law has been offeredto proceed from the assumption the wave is a true quantum of radiation. It has been found that the average energy of such a quantum is numerically equal to the Planck constant. The law of spectral series formation has been obtained without the use of quantum numbers. The photo-effect equation has been supplemented taking into consideration the photoelectric yield. A hypothesis-free derivation of the Schrödinger stationary equation has been given along with its modification as a kinematic first-order equation. The possibility has been shown to consider quantum mechanics as a branch of classical physics studying wave processes.

Key Words: quantum mechanics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, radiation laws, quanta of light, Schrödinger equation, spectral series, photo-effect, wave as quantum.

[1]. Popper K.R. Quantum theory and the schism in physics. – London; New York, (1982).
[2]. Feynman, R. (1964) The Character of Physical Law. Messenger Lectures, 1964.
[3]. Vavilov S.I. // Collected Works. - M .: Science, 1945. T. III. 529 s.

[4]. EtkinV. Energodynamics (Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Synergetics).- NewYork, 2011.- 480 p.(translation from Russian edition «ЭткинВ.А. Энергодинамика (синтезтеорийпереносаипреобразованияэнергии) – СПб.; «Наука», 2008.- 409 с.).
[5]. PlanckM.ÜbereineVerbesserungderWienschenSpektralgleichung. //Verh.andl. Dtsch. Phys. Ges., 1900, 2, 237 – 245]..

ABSTRACT: A solid state nuclear track detector or SSNTD (also known as an etched track detector or a dielectric track detector, DTD) is a sample of a solid material (Photographic emulsion, crystal glass or plastic) exposed to nuclear radiation (Neutrons or charged particles, occasionally also gamma rays).Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) are widely used for radon measurements and CN-85 (LR-115, type II) is one of the most popular solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). Calibration is imported because it's the only way of evaluating the precession and accuracy of an instrument and making adjustments such that no errors occur in the readings. The main objective of this work is to calibrate the detector and also determine the calibration factor for the measurements of radon concentration through the passive method with CN-85 (LR-115) detectors.

Key Words:SSNTD, Calibration Factor, Environmental Radon, Alpha Tracks

[1]. Srivastava, D.S., Singh, P., Rana, N.P.S., Naqvi, A.H., Azam, A., Ramachandran, T.V. and Subba Ramu, M.C. Calibration Factor for LR-115 Type II Track Detectors for Environmental Radon Measurements. Nucl. Geophys.1995, 9, 487-495.
[2]. Miles, J.C.H., Calibration and standardization of etched track detectors In Radon measurements by etched track detectors, applications in radiation protection, earth Sciences and the Environment ( Durrani, S.A., and Ilic, R), World Scientific, Singapore, 1997,143-176.
[3]. Khan M.S.A., Tariq M. and Rawat R.B.S., Preliminary measurements of radon radiations in "Bare Mode" .IOSR Journal of Applied Physics. 2012, Vol.1, no.4, pp.04-07
[4]. Khan M. S. A., Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) Applications in Neutron Radiography" Nature and Environment, 2014,Vol. 19(1), pp. 04-07
[5]. UNSCEAR: United Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations.2000

ABSTRACT: The element of the first series that is from Cerium to Lutetium ( 58Ce to 71 Lu), which form a part of the sixth period are called lanthanides. These fourteen elements form 4f inner transition series. They are heavy metals. Their Laser properties were demonstrated in early sixties by Whan and Crossby. In this study two rare-earth Neodymium and Erbium have been taken. Due to electrostatic and magnetic interactions, there exist energy levels associated with rare-earth element. The energy levels of these elements can be expressed in terms of four parameters (F2,F4,F6) and Landes parameter. By taking their spectra, we know position of energy levels. Both Neodymium and Erbium complexes are studied in solvent form. Ten peaks are observed for Neodymium and eight peaks are observed for Erbium in visible region. Due to complexation some of the absorption bands are modified and become more intense. These bands are due to hypersensitive transitions known as hypersensitive bands. Occurrence of these bands is explained by Judd..

Key Words: Neodymium, Erbium, Alanine, Urea and hypersensitive transitions

[1]. Judd B.R., An Analysis of the absorption spectrum of praseodymium chloride, Royal Society, Vol.241 ,414-422,1957.
[2]. Judd B.R., Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions, Physical Review, Vol. 127,750-760,1961.
[3]. Kumar P.A and Rao T.R., Studies on some Rare-Earth metal complexes: Ten and six-coordinated complexes of an unsymmetrical Amino-acid derivative, Indian Acad. Science, Vol.109,89-97,1997.
[4]. Narasimam K.V.& Girja M., Visible Absorption Spectrum of Neodymium in Calcium Fluoride & calcium Tungstate Lattices, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics,Vol.7,427-430,1969.
[5]. Park Chan-il & Cha Ki-won, Spectrometric Determination of Scandium (lll) in Monazite after Separation using Amberlite IRC718 Chelating Resin, Bulletin Korean Chemical Society, Vol.20, No.12, 1999

ABSTRACT:K shell X- ray production cross-sections (   K and   K ) were measured for 31Ga element. Measurements were carried out at 11.372 keV using secondary excitation method. The results obtained for K X- ray production cross-sections were compared the theoretically calculated .In addition, measurement of K Xray fluorescence yield for 31Ga at the same excitation energy were carried out, and compared with semiempirical fits values

Key Words: X-ray, cross- sections, fluorescence yields

[1]. L. Garg, D. Mehta, S. Kumar, P.C. Mangal, P.N. Trehan,. Energy dependence of photon-induced  K and Kβ X-ray
fluorescence crosss-sections for some elements with 20≤Z≤56. X-ray Spectrom. 14, 1985,165-169.
[2]. D. V. Rao, R. Cesereo, and G. E. Gigante, Photon-excited K X ray fluorescence cross-sections for some light elements in the
range 20-60 keV. X-ray Spectrom, 22, 1993d, 406.
[3]. S.K. Arora, K.L. Allawadhi, B.S. Sood, Measurement of K-shell fluorescence in elements 28≤Z≤53. Physica B, C 111C, 1981, 71- 75.
[4]. R. Durak, Y. Özdemir, Measurement of K-shell fluorescence cross-sections and yields of 14 elements in the atomic number range
25≤Z≤47 using photoionization. Radiation Physics and Chemistry.61, 2001,19-25.
[5]. R. Yılmaz, Measurements of K shell X-ray production cross-sections and fluorescence yields for Cr, Mn, Fe and Co elements.
Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 81, 2012, 1539-1542.