Volume-12 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2019

Abstract: In thisstudy,the fattyacid methy lester was synthesized through the esterification stage. Esterification is the reaction between used cooking oil and methanol( CH3OH) using sulfuric acid (h2SO4) as a catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and water. cooking oil waste used must have free fatty acid levels above > 2% so that the esterification process can be carried out. This research is focused on reducing the optimal levels of fatty acid methyl esters between the hydrodynamic cavitation process and the stirring process. a decrease in methyl ester fatty acids of 0.72% was obtained under reaction conditions (temperature 50oC, 120 minutes, waste cooking oil /methanol ratio 1:10, catalyst amount 1% -w/w with process hydrodynamic cavitation). esterified methyl ester fatty acids can continue at the stage of the transesteri fication process for the manufacture of biodiesel.

Keywords: free fatty acids , waste cooking oil , esterification, hydrodynamic cavitation.

[1]. Abdul Kahar , Unmul, K. Energi, Technique, Pre-Treatment of Biodiesel From Cooking Oil with High Fatty Acid (FFA) High Kinetics Of Acid Catalyzed Methanolysis At Biodiesel Pre-Treatment Of Used Frying Oil With High Free Fatty Acid, (2016).
[2]. Aziz, I., Nurbayti, S., & Ulum, B. (2011).Esterification of Free Fatty Acids From Used Cooking Oil. Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i2.201
[3]. Husin, H., Mahidin dan Marwan (2011).Study on the use of palm coir ash catalyst, oil palm ash and K2CO3 for conversion of castor oil to biodiesel. Reactor 13: 254-261.
[4]. Husna, N. El, Teknologi, J., Pertanian, H., Pertanian, F., Kuala, U. S., Kimia, J. T., … Kuala, U. S. (2012). the Characteristics of Biodiesel Transesterification Used Cooking Oil By. (2).
[5]. Ilmi, I. M. B. (2015).Quality of Cooking Oil and Fried Products during Frying in Indonesian Households. Journal of Food Technology Applications, 4(2), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.17728/jatp.2015.12

Abstract: Recently, a lot of papers have reported the fast-rising of microorganisms developing resistance on a drug which is once potent; hence there is a need to embark on the quest for the search of novel antimicrobial material with more specific biological action and good cytotoxicity study. Therefore, more research on metal complex drugs with efficient biological activities will qualify the study on the chemistry of dithiocarbamate complexes. Herein we report a one-pot method of synthesizing complexes of dithiocarbamate using diethyl amine precursor and petroleum ether as the solvent which yielded good amount of product. The characterization and antifungal study of the ligand and complex are also extensively studied.

Keywords: Dithiocarbamate, Antifungal, Cytotoxicity, Complexes.

[1]. Ajibade, P. A.; Kolawale, G. A. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial studies of Metal Complexes of Sulfadiazine with N-Alkyl-N-Phenyl Dithiocarbamate. Bull. Chem. Soc., 2008, 22 ,261.
[2]. Ajibade, P.A.; Ejelonu, B.C. Group 12 dithiocarbamates complexes; synthesis, spectra studies and their uses as precursors for metal sulphide nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Spectrochim Acta A mol Biomol Spectroscopy., 2013, 408-414.
[3]. Anthony, C. E. Antibacterial Application of Novel Mixed-Ligand Dithiocarbamate Complexes of Ni(II). (IOSR-JAC), 2013, 5(2): 36- 39.
[4]. Anthony, C. E.; Odola, A.J. Synthesis, physic-chemical Charcterization and Biocidal studies of Ni(II) mixed ligand complexes of Alkyl Dithiocarbamate and Salicyaldehyde. Int. J. Phar. Biol and Chem Sci., 2013, 2(3): 21-25.
[5]. Ejelonu, B.C.; Synthesis, Characterization of Mixed N-phenyl-p-chlorophenyl Dithiocarbamate ligand complexes of some transition metals and their in-vitro antimicrobial activities. Wikipedia 2015

Abstract: Sudanese crude oil considered as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, but it contains some undesirable materials that need to be removed. Sulphur compounds are not required in petroleum because they damage the catalyst throughout the refining processes, and they are the main cause of acid rains and environmental pollution since it includessignificant amounts of acids and salts which is negatively impacts the refining process.The need to address the chemical and physical properties for crude oil types before used in the manufacturing are very important because production facilities and transportation lines struggle with these corrosive materials. However, it suffers other issues..........

Keywords: Sudanese crude oil, properties, evaluation.

[1]. Elhassan, S.A.A. and A.E.D. Allah, Journal of Natural and Medical Sciences.
[2]. Gary, J.H., G.E. Handwerk, and M.J. Kaiser, Petroleum refining: technology and economics. 2007: CRC press.
[3]. Altgelt, K.H., Composition and analysis of heavy petroleum fractions. 2016: CRC Press.
[4]. Speight, J.G., Handbook of petroleum product analysis. Vol. 182. 2015: John Wiley & Sons.
[5]. Czernik, S. and A. Bridgwater, Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy & fuels, 2004. 18(2): p. 590-598.

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocities at various concentration of trifloxystrobin in aqueous ethanol mixture have been measured at 300K by using single crystal interferometer at a frequency of 3MHz. By using velocity density, viscosity and concentration data, various acoustic parameters are calculated and the results are interpreted in terms of solvents-solute & solute-solute interaction. The positive value of solution number is encourage.

[1]. P. B. Agrawal, I. M. Siddiqui and M. I. Narwade...........and Indian Journal of chemistry, Vol. 42 no. 5, pp-1050 – 1057, Year 2003.
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Abstract: The insulating oils play an important role for long life of electrical equipment. Deterioration and aging process of insulating oils effect on electrical equipment lifetime. The insulating oils are expensive so it is better to regenerate it than replacement. The commercial kaolin claythat enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides and other traces of Na ,K ,Ca oxides was used to improve the quality parameters of the insulating oil such as color ,appearance ,acidity ,breakdown voltage ,water content ,dissolved gas analysis ,flash point and viscosity. Nevertheless the using of commercial kaolin with Oxalic acid and deionized water to make dechlorination of toxic Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) under certain conditions. PCBs are priority pollutants acting as endocrine disruptors, human carcinogens and environmental estrogens. PCBs used in many industrial applications due to their dielectric characteristics, chemical stability at high temperatures, insulating properties and low vapor pressure.

Keywords: Insulating oils, Commercial kaolin clay, Refining unit, Oxalic acid, Deionized water, PCBs.

[1]. A. Al-Zahrani and M.A. Daous (2000) "Recycling of spent bleaching clay‟, Process Safety and Environment Protection (78-B3), pp. 224–228.
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Abstract: Kinetics of oxidation of 2, 6 Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one and 3-Methyl 2, 6 Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one by Mn (IV) and Mn (VII) in acidic medium exposes that reactions are of first order reaction. In this work it was noticed that rate of reaction and acid concentration are directly proportional to each other. The presence of 3-methyl substituent decreases the rate of oxidation with Mn (IV) and Mn (VII). The results are rational by a mechanism involving intermediate products. On the basis of result is clear that the rate of oxidation is higher by Mn(IV) than Mn(VII) in case of 2, 6 Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one than 3-Methyl 2, 6 Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one.......

Keywords- Acidic medium, Kinetics, Oxidation, 2,6-Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one and 3-Methyl 2,6-Diphenyl-Piperidine-4-one, Mn (IV), Mn (VII).

[1]. O. A. El Seoud , W J. Baader and E. L. Bastos, Practical Chemical Kinetics in Solution, Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, First Edition, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-46858-6, 2017.
[2]. L. Belinda, Slakman and H.W. Richard, Kinetic Solvent Effects in Organic Reactions, ChemRxiv, doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.5370778.v2 , 2018.
[3]. U. Samuni, E. Maimon & S. Goldstein, A kinetic study of the oxidation of hydroxamic acids by compounds I and II of horseradish peroxidase: Effect of transition metal ions, Journal of coordination chemistry, vol. 71(11), 1728-1737, 2018.
[4]. B. K. Sharma and S. Rani, Kinetic Study of oxidation of 2, 6-Diphenyl- Piperidine-4-one and 3-Methyl 2,6-Diphenyl- Piperidine-4-one by Manganese (IV) Ion, DIJIFR, 3 (12), 4578-4589, 2016.
[5]. A. Jain, G. Tazwar, V. Devra, Kinetics and mechanism of permanganate oxidation of nalidixic acid in aqueous alkaline medium, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Vol. 7 (01),135-143, 2017.

Abstract: N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl] Carbazole was synthesized by the treatment of carbazole with 2-chloro-1,3-propane diol in presence of potassium hydroxide in the solvent medium of DMF. N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)proryl]-3-(4-nitro phenyl azo) carbazole was synthesized by the reaction of N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl] carbazole with 4-nitro benzene diazonium chloride in presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in the solvent medium of DCM. Polyester was synthesized by the reaction of N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl]-3-(4-nitrophenyl azo) carbazole with 6FBC in the solvent medium of DMF at700c for 24h.Polyurethane was synthesized by the reaction of N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl]-3-(4-nitro phenyl azo) carbazole with hexamethylene diiso cyanate.

Keywords- N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl]carbazole, N-[2-(1,3-dihydroxy)propyl]-3-(4-nitro phenyl azo) carbazole, polyester, polyurethane.

[1]. Kippelen B, Tamura K, Peyhambarian N, Padias AB, Hall Jr. HK. Phys. Rev B 1993, 48 (15): 10710.
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Abstract: Immobilisation of 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (DABD) onto chitosan film was attempted in this research to develop an optical Cu(II) sensor. The measurements of wavelength were carried out at 736nm since
it yielded the most significant difference in reflectance spectra before and after the reaction. At pH 3.0, the optimum response was obtained. In the concentration range of 0.5×10-3 - 0.4×10-3 M, the linear dynamic range
of Cu(II) was found. From different probes (n = 7), the sensor response gives the value of relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) is 3.5 %. The results of the photostability were found to be good, with the R.S.D value of 1.06
%. Also, in this work, the effect of interfered ions at 1:1 molar ratio of Cu(II): foreign ion was studied.

Keywords- Immobilised 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (DABD); chitosan; Optical fibre; Reflectance.

[1]. Ahmad, M. and R. Narayanaswamy (1994). "Fibre optic reflectance sensor for the determination of aluminium (III) in aqueous environment." Analytica chimica acta 291(3): 255-260.
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Abstract: The stability constant and thermodynamic equilibrium stability constant of formation of chromium (III) ions with CN, SCN, EDTA, CH3NH2 and C2H5NH2 have been determined by conductometric method in aqueous medium at four different temperatures (302,308,313 and 318K). The thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were calculated. The results revealed that Cr (III) ions form a stable complexes with the studied ligands at lower temperature. The thermodynamic data obtained shows fair agreement with the existence and stability of the metal-ligand complexes..

Keywords- Stability constant, thermodynamic equilibrium stability constant, thermodynamic parameter, conductometry, metal complexes.

[1]. Gomathi H. (2000), Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Iron Complexes. Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 16(10), 459 – 465.
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Abstract: The ligand N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide (H2L) was prepared by reaction of nicotinohydrazide with 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in a reflux ethanol solution. The lanthanides complexes were prepared by reaction of the ligand with the lanthanide nitrate. These complexes are well characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV spectroscopies, conductance and room temperature magnetic moment measurement.The structure of the complexes was determined by single X-ray diffraction technic. Thecomplexes of Gd and Tb are isostructural and are formulated as {[Ln (HL)(H2O)2(NO3)]2.(NO3)2.(H2O)2}. In these structures, each Ln atom is nine coordinated. In the crystal of the dinuclear complex {[Eu2(HL)2(H2O)2(NO3)3].(NO3).(H2O)2} one Eu(III) center is nine-coordinated and the other one is ten-coordinated. One nitrate anion acts in 2-coordination mode and as 2-mode Bridge between the two Eu (III) centers. In all the complexes, the ligand acts as bridge in tetradentate fashion. The nitrogen and the oxygen atoms of the hydrazino moietyare......

Keywords- Nicotinic hydrazide,Gadolinium,Terbium, Europium, Complex, X-ray diffraction.

[1]. Y.Varam, L.Rajkumari, Complexation Studies of N′-[(1E)-1-Phenylethylidene]Isonicotinohydrazide: An Aroylhydrazone Schiff Base and Lanthanides. J. Mol. Liq.,227, 2017, 127–138.
[2]. L.G.Nielsen, A.K.R.Junker,T. . Sørensen, Composed in the F-Block: Solution Structure and Function of Kinetically Inert Lanthanide(III) Complexes. Dalton Trans.,47, 2018, 10360–10376.
[3]. R.N.Soek, C.M.Ferreira, F.S.Santana, D.L.Hughes, G.Poneti, R.R.Ribeiro, F.S.Nunes, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Two New Lanthanide Complexes with the 1-((E)-2-Pyridinylmethylidene)Semicarbazone Ligand. J. Mol. Struct.,1184,2019, 254–261.
[4]. B.Cristóvão, Z. Hnatejko, Lanthanide(III) Compounds with the N2O4-Donor Schiff Base – Synthesis, Spectral, Thermal, Magnetic and Luminescence Properties. J. Mol. Struct.,1088, 2015, 50–55.
[5]. A.B.Aletti, D.M.Gillen, T.Gunnlaugsson, Luminescent/Colorimetric Probes and (Chemo-) Sensors for Detecting Anions Based on Transition and Lanthanide Ion Receptor/Binding Complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev.,354, 2018, 98–120.

Abstract: The present research study deals withthe investigation of metal-based molecules because agricultural chemical structure demands for sustainable solutions continue to increase. The study suggeststhe semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone metal complexes for their potential as fungicides and pesticides in agricultural field. The Schiff base ligands forms stable coordination compounds with transition metals which exhibit enhanced antifungal and......

Keywords- Metal-Based Molecules, Semicarbazone, Thiosemicarbazone, Antifungal and Insecticidal Properties.

1. Kumar, G., Kumar, D., Devi, S., & Johari, R. (2010). Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of metal complexes. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 75(5), 629–637.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC090720049K
2. Singh, K., Barwa, M. S., & Tyagi, P. (2009). Synthesis and biological activity of Schiff base metal complexes. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44(4), 1604–1610.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.09.024
3. El-Sherif, A. A., &Eldebss, T. M. (2010). Coordination behavior of metal complexes. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 76(3–4), 307–313.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2010.03.019
4. Biyala, M. K., & Fahmi, N. (2011). Biological applications of Schiff base complexes. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(3), 259–265.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.001
5. Sinha, D., Tiwari, A. K., Singh, S., Shukla, G., Mishra, P., & Mishra, A. K. (2009). Biological activity of Schiff base complexes. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44(1), 196–202.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.025